Crabs, Cockroaches, and 3 Other Pollinators That Aren't Bees

Bees aren’t the only pollinators out there. Some of the other, more surprising pollinators aren't just unconventional, they give us unique examples of how the relationship between pollinators and plants evolved in the first place.

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Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701755/pdf/mcp122.pdf

Shrew:
https://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-6-1032821-0
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2010.2175
http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1005661.html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236984018_Nectar_feeding_by_the_Cape_rock_elephant-shrew_Elephantulus_edwardii_Macroscelidea_-_A_primarily_insectivorous_mammal_pollinates_the_parasite_Hyobanche_atropurpurea_Orobanchaceae [PDF]

Lizard:
https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/unusualpollinator.pdf
https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/S0169-5347(03)00004-1
https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fee.2137
https://www.publish.csiro.au/bt/BT08179

Cockroach:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/05/cockroaches-pollination-insects-chile-animals/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085562616301844
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238110557_Cockroach_Pollination_and_Breeding_System_of_Uvaria_elmeri_Annonaceae_in_a_Lowland_Mixed-Dipterocarp_Forest_in_Sarawak [PDF]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5288189_Cockroaches_as_Pollinators_of_Clusia_aff_sellowiana_Clusiaceae_on_Inselbergs_in_French_Guiana [PDF]

Crustaceans:
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12980#discussion
https://www.int-res.com/articles/feature/m469p001.pdf [PDF]

Chocolate midge:
https://askentomologists.com/2015/01/07/the-budding-relationship-of-a-midge-and-the-chocolate-flower/
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/blooms-chocolate-tree-are-crazy-hard-pollinate
https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/meet-the-flies-that-pollinate-cocoa-trees/
http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=MY8605427
https://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/files_mf/groenveld2010.pdf [PDF]

Images:
Petra Wester Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany:

http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=349
https://www.flickr.com/photos/lungfish2000/4642573995/
http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=349
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhynchocyon_petersi_from_side.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trachylepis_atlantica_eating.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernando_de_Noronha_-_dois_Irm%C3%A3os_-_praia_do_sancho.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mabuia_Noronha_Skink.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clusia_lanceolata.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hemithyrsocera_palliata_8780.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thalassia_testudinum_(turtle_grass)_(South_Pigeon_Creek_estuary,_San_Salvador_Island,_Bahamas)_3_(15859724719).jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theobroma_cacao4.jpg